Levantan las olas 这句话的原图展示了喉塞音。对照标注和语谱图,观察停顿附近能量的变化。
0.93 s · 图片重建
图源与重建设置 ↗
Whitney Chappell (2021). /s/ weakening in Nicaragua. In E. Núñez-Méndez (ed.), Sociolinguistic Approaches to Sibilant Variation in Spanish, pp. 217–245. Fig. 7.4, p. 228.
Whitney Chappell (2021). /s/ weakening in Nicaragua. In E. Núñez-Méndez (ed.), Sociolinguistic Approaches to Sibilant Variation in Spanish, pp. 217–245. Fig. 7.3, p. 226.
JADOUL Y, THOMPSON B, DE BOER B. Introducing Parselmouth: A Python interface to Praat[J]. Journal of Phonetics, 2018, 71: 1-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2018.07.001.
BOERSMA P, WEENINK D. Praat: doing phonetics by computer: Version 6.1.38[EB/OL]. (2021)[2026-10-11]. https://www.praat.org/.
LU Y, LIANG C, KONG J. Contribution of F0 and phonation to tone perception in the Zaiwa language[J]. Journal of Phonetics, 2025, 110: 101413. DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2025.101413.
MCAULIFFE M, SOCOLOF M, MIHUC S, et al. Montreal Forced Aligner: Trainable Text-Speech Alignment Using Kaldi[C]//Interspeech 2017. [S.l.]: ISCA, 2017: 498-502. DOI: 10.21437/Interspeech.2017-1386.
Technique of improving speech restoration from spectrograms of short windows for the Griffin–Lim algorithm
用于:语谱图转音频
AOKI N. Technique of improving speech restoration from spectrograms of short windows for the Griffin–Lim algorithm[J]. Acoustical Science and Technology, 2023, 44(3): 186-188. DOI: 10.1250/ast.44.186.
BigVGAN: A Universal Neural Vocoder with Large-Scale Training
用于:语谱图转音频
LEE S G, PING W, GINSBURG B, et al. BigVGAN: A universal neural vocoder with large-scale training[C/OL]//The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations. 2023[2026-10-15]. https://openreview.net/forum?id=iTtGCMDEzS_.
PERRAUDIN N, BALAZS P, SØNDERGAARD P L. A fast Griffin–Lim algorithm[C]//2013 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics. IEEE, 2013: 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/WASPAA.2013.6701851.
SHUE Y L, KEATING P, VICENIK C, et al. VoiceSauce: A program for voice analysis[C]//Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Hong Kong, 2011: 1846-1849.
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A Cepstrum-Based Technique for Determining a Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio in Speech Signals
用于:参数估计
DE KROM G. A Cepstrum-Based Technique for Determining a Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio in Speech Signals[J]. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1993, 36(2): 254-266. DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3602.254.
Pitch determination and voice quality analysis using Subharmonic-to-Harmonic Ratio
用于:参数估计
SUN X. Pitch determination and voice quality analysis using Subharmonic-to-Harmonic Ratio[C]//2002 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. [S.l.]: IEEE, 2002: I-333-I-336. DOI: 10.1109/ICASSP.2002.5743722.
An improved correction formula for the estimation of harmonic magnitudes and its application to open quotient estimation
用于:参数估计
ISELI M, ALWAN A. An improved correction formula for the estimation of harmonic magnitudes and its application to open quotient estimation[C]//2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. [S.l.]: IEEE, 2004: I-669-I-672. DOI: 10.1109/ICASSP.2004.1326074.
A formant bandwidth estimation procedure for vowel synthesis
用于:参数估计
HAWKS J W, MILLER J D. A formant bandwidth estimation procedure for vowel synthesis[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1995, 97(2): 1343-1344. DOI: 10.1121/1.412986.
MURTY K S R, YEGNANARAYANA B. Epoch Extraction From Speech Signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 2008, 16(8): 1602-1613. DOI: 10.1109/TASL.2008.2004526.
Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer
用于:声学参数合成
KLATT D H. Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1980, 67(3): 971-995. DOI: 10.1121/1.383940.
Contribution of F0 and phonation to tone perception in the Zaiwa language
用于:发声类型合成
LU Y, LIANG C, KONG J. Contribution of F0 and phonation to tone perception in the Zaiwa language[J]. Journal of Phonetics, 2025, 110: 101413. DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2025.101413.
Signal estimation from modified short-time Fourier transform
用于:语谱图转音频
GRIFFIN D W, LIM J S. Signal estimation from modified short-time Fourier transform[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1984, 32(2): 236-243. DOI: 10.1109/TASSP.1984.1164317.
Construction and Control of a Three-Dimensional Vocal Tract Model
用于:生理参数合成
BIRKHOLZ P, JACKÈL D, KRÖGER B J. Construction and Control of a Three-Dimensional Vocal Tract Model[C]//2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. [S.l.]: IEEE, 2006: I-873-I-876. DOI: 10.1109/ICASSP.2006.1660160.
Data for "Characterization of the Airflow within an Average Geometry of the Healthy Human Nasal Cavity"
用于:生理参数合成
BRÜNING J, HILDEBRANDT T, HEPPT W, et al. Data for "Characterization of the Airflow within an Average Geometry of the Healthy Human Nasal Cavity": version 4[DS/OL]. figshare, 2020-02-25[2026-10-11]. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9585410.v4. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9585410.v4.
版本:v4CC BY 4.0(官方 v4 元数据与原始网格摘要已核对)。保留作者、来源、许可链接和修改说明。
Montreal Forced Aligner: Trainable Text-Speech Alignment Using Kaldi
用于:MFA 自动标注
MCAULIFFE M, SOCOLOF M, MIHUC S, et al. Montreal Forced Aligner: Trainable Text-Speech Alignment Using Kaldi[C]//Interspeech 2017. [S.l.]: ISCA, 2017: 498-502. DOI: 10.21437/Interspeech.2017-1386.
On the use of the derivative of electroglottographic signals for characterization of nonpathological phonation
用于:EGG 信号分析
HENRICH N, D’ALESSANDRO C, DOVAL B, et al. On the use of the derivative of electroglottographic signals for characterization of nonpathological phonation[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2004, 115(3): 1321-1332. DOI: 10.1121/1.1646401.
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION. The International Phonetic Alphabet[EB/OL]. (2026)[2026-10-11]. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/common_files/pdfs/pdfs_IPA_charts_E/IPA_Kiel.pdf.
INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL PHONETICS AND LINGUISTICS ASSOCIATION. ExtIPA symbols for disordered speech[EB/OL]. (2025)[2026-10-11]. https://www.icpla.org.uk/resources.
版本:2025年图表CC BY-SA 3.0 as identified on ICPLA resources; original chart reproduction wording also recorded
Revisions to the VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality
用于:国际音标表Plus、TextGrid标注
BALL M J, ESLING J H, DICKSON B C. Revisions to the VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality[J]. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2018, 48(2): 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100317000159.
THE UNICODE CONSORTIUM. The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0: Chapter 7, Europe-I[S/OL]. (2024-09-10)[2026-10-11]. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-7/.
MILLER K, BALL M. Unicode request for modification of VoQS character: L2/20-113[R/OL]. (2020-01-19)[2026-10-11]. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20113-voqs-correction.pdf.
MILLER K, BALL M. Unicode request for ExtIPA cartouche: L2/24-182R[R/OL]. (2024-09-04)[2026-10-11]. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24182r-cartouche.pdf.
SIL GLOBAL. Using bridging diacritics[EB/OL]. (2025-06-02)[2026-10-11]. https://software.sil.org/fonts/bridging-diacritics/.
The chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet in Chinese (2007)
用于:生理参数合成、国际音标表Plus、TextGrid标注
PHONETIC ASSOCIATION OF CHINA. The chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet in Chinese (2007)[J]. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2011, 41(2): 245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100311000156.
ESLING J H, MOISIK S R, BENNER A, et al. Voice quality: The laryngeal articulator model[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108696555.
BALL M J, HOWARD S J, MILLER K. Revisions to the extIPA chart[J]. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2018, 48(2): 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100317000147.
BALL M J. Changes to certain extIPA diacritics[J]. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2024, 38(7): 692-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2024.2365205.
Reply to letter concerning the revisions to some diacritics of the extensions to the IPA (extIPA), Ball (2024)
用于:国际音标表Plus、TextGrid标注
BALL M J. Reply to letter concerning the revisions to some diacritics of the extensions to the IPA (extIPA), Ball (2024)[J]. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2025, 39(9): 911-912. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2025.2489577.
A Comparative Study of Glottal Source Estimation Techniques
用于:EGG 信号分析
DRUGMAN T, BOZKURT B, DUTOIT T. A comparative study of glottal source estimation techniques: arXiv:2001.00840v1[EB/OL]. (2019-12-28)[2026-10-11]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00840v1.
Sound quality comparison among high-quality vocoders by using re-synthesized speech
用于:声学参数合成
MORISE M, WATANABE Y. Sound quality comparison among high-quality vocoders by using re-synthesized speech[J]. Acoustical Science and Technology, 2018, 39(3): 263-265. https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.39.263.
Examining Velopharyngeal Closure Patterns Based on Anatomic Variables
用于:生理参数合成
JORDAN H N, SCHENCK G C, ELLIS C, et al. Examining Velopharyngeal Closure Patterns Based on Anatomic Variables[J]. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2017, 28(1): 270-274. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000003284.
An MRI study of the oral articulation of European Portuguese nasal vowels
用于:生理参数合成
OLIVEIRA C, MARTINS P, SILVA S, et al. An MRI study of the oral articulation of European Portuguese nasal vowels[C]//Interspeech 2012. ISCA, 2012: 2690-2693. DOI: 10.21437/Interspeech.2012-668.
Articulatory Source-Filter TTS: Physically Grounded Control through Vocal Tract Kinematics
用于:语音学论文精读
BANDEKAR J, WATANABE S, GHOSH P K. Articulatory Source-Filter TTS: Physically Grounded Control through Vocal Tract Kinematics: arXiv:2610.00735v1[EB/OL]. (2026-09-30)[2026-10-11]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.00735v1.
Towards a Quantitative Analysis of Coarticulation with a Phoneme-to-Articulatory Model
用于:语音学论文精读
FAN C, HENDERSON J M, MANNING C, et al. Towards a Quantitative Analysis of Coarticulation with a Phoneme-to-Articulatory Model: arXiv:2408.05641v1[EB/OL]. (2024-08-10)[2026-10-11]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.05641v1.
LEE W S, ZEE E. Standard Chinese (Beijing)[J]. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33(1): 109-112. DOI: 10.1017/S0025100303001208.
对应 Standard Chinese (Beijing) 及其严式选项。论文书目已核实,宽严两列与论文的逐字对应尚待核对。
What is a tongue tie? Defining the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum
用于:生理参数合成
MILLS N, PRANSKY S M, GEDDES D T, et al. What is a tongue tie? Defining the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum[J]. Clinical Anatomy, 2019, 32(6): 749-761. DOI: 10.1002/ca.23343.
Understanding the Lingual Frenulum: Histological Structure, Tissue Composition, and Implications for Tongue Tie Surgery
用于:生理参数合成
MILLS N, GEDDES D T, AMIRAPU S, et al. Understanding the Lingual Frenulum: Histological Structure, Tissue Composition, and Implications for Tongue Tie Surgery[J]. International Journal of Otolaryngology, 2020, 2020(1): 1820978. DOI: 10.1155/2020/1820978.
Supplementary Materials for the article entitles 'Geographic Structure of Chinese Dialects: A Computational Dialectometric Approach' (published in Linguistics)
用于:语言地图
HUANG H, GRIEVE J, JIAO F. Supplementary Materials for the article entitles 'Geographic Structure of Chinese Dialects: A Computational Dialectometric Approach' (published in Linguistics)[DS/OL]. v1. Zenodo, 2024. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10697975.
JADOUL Y, THOMPSON B, DE BOER B. Introducing Parselmouth: A Python interface to Praat[J]. Journal of Phonetics, 2018, 71: 1-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2018.07.001.
BOERSMA P, WEENINK D. Praat: doing phonetics by computer: Version 6.1.38[EB/OL]. (2021)[2026-10-11]. https://www.praat.org/.
Filipe Laíns <lains@riseup.net>, Bernát Gábor <gaborjbernat@gmail.com>, layday <layday@protonmail.com>, Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com> · build
Samuel Colvin <s@muelcolvin.com>, Eric Jolibois <em.jolibois@gmail.com>, Hasan Ramezani <hasan.r67@gmail.com>, Adrian Garcia Badaracco <1755071+adriangb@users.noreply.github.com>, Terrence Dorsey <terry@pydantic.dev>, David Montague <david@pydantic.dev>, Serge Matveenko <lig@countzero.co>, Marcelo Trylesinski <marcelotryle@gmail.com>, Sydney Runkle <sydneymarierunkle@gmail.com>, David Hewitt <mail@davidhewitt.dev>, Alex Hall <alex.mojaki@gmail.com>, Victorien Plot <contact@vctrn.dev> · pydantic
Samuel Colvin <s@muelcolvin.com>, Adrian Garcia Badaracco <1755071+adriangb@users.noreply.github.com>, David Montague <david@pydantic.dev>, David Hewitt <mail@davidhewitt.dev>, Sydney Runkle <sydneymarierunkle@gmail.com>, Victorien Plot <contact@vctrn.dev> · pydantic_core
Filipe Laíns <lains@riseup.net>, Bernát Gábor <gaborjbernat@gmail.com>, layday <layday@protonmail.com>, Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com> · build
IPAChart.com. Interactive IPA Chart[EB/OL]. [2026-10-11]. https://www.ipachart.com/.
RUTER W. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Unicode Chart and Character Picker[EB/OL]. [2026-10-11]. https://github.com/westonruter/ipa-chart.
前两路:10 ms Hann 窗 · 60 dB 模型估计:4.91 ms → 用 5 ms 预测动态范围:87.36 dB 前三路:随机相位 · 后两路:青木初始化 GL 均为 32 次迭代
知乎例图 · 2 秒 / 6 kHz
知乎例图
前两路:10 ms Hann 窗 · 60 dB 模型估计:5.49 ms → 用 5 ms 预测动态范围:55.04 dB 前三路:随机相位 · 后两路:青木初始化 GL 均为 32 次迭代
Lu 两例图源:Lu, Y., Liang, C., & Kong, J. (2025). Contribution of F0 and phonation to tone perception in the Zaiwa language. Journal of Phonetics, 110, 101413. 查看论文 ↗
点一下,按顺序听听五种方式。
这组对比怎样生成?
五路使用相同的图片、时间频率标定与 Hann 窗,GL 均为 1.5 ms 帧移、32 次迭代。按下面的顺序,逐步加入新的处理: